On the CPR, somewhere in British Columbia in 1887..
CPR station telegraph office 1887
Here is a quick overview of a Canadian wilderness telegraph office. Interior photographs of train order offices of this era are unfortunately rare, partly because of the difficulties of getting the exposure right.
I have labelled some interesting features. To work, one must make a mess ... so this scene is nicely tidied and posed. The Queen Insurance hanging is probably a useful large format calendar. You can see quite a few bits of telegraph equipment tucked in corners of the desk and the shelves above it - probably several spares. Where did you get those curtains? It is not possible to see a telegraph key, but it should be to the right of the train order forms.
It is possible that above the 'T' in 'Telegraph key' is a bottle of acid with the local circuit battery behind it ... but the battery cell(s) may actually be elsewhere. The fact that working telegraph equipment, its power, and complete spare components could fit on the back of one desk illustrates the elegance and simplicity of the technology used on the early railways in Canada and the US.
* * *
For the sake of illustration, I believe this is the
actual working telegraph equipment of this train order office.
Telegraph switchboard, sounder, relay: The switchboard allows various configurations of the equipment. Using it, the office can be shut down, or the equipment can be protected from lightning. The station's equipment can be connected to, or taken off, the main line. Various configurations can be set up to help linemen test for telegraph line faults or breaks. Little metal pegs are inserted in the holes make the connections between two conductors. The instrument wires come off at the '8 o'clock' position of the switchboard.
The wall-mounted, pivoting coal oil or kerosene lamp provides light for clerical work at night.
The telegraph relay (to over-simplify) is an electromagnetic audio 'amplifier' of the main line current.
The telegraph sounder produces the sounds which the telegraph operator decodes as letters and numbers. Generally, experienced operators recognized the 'sound of a letter' ... instead of 'hearing' and counting up the clicks and clacks of the sounder as a message was being received.
As the operator must perform certain duties outside (such as delivering orders to passing trains or setting the train order signal) placing the sounder on the window sill ensures he will hear and be able to respond to any railway messages requiring his immediate response while out on the station platform.
The telegraph key and the local battery are the two pieces of equipment not shown.
This simple communication equipment described is well-suited for receiving the precise time ... relayed from an observatory at McGill University, Montreal; or from the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa. The equipment can be used to relay train orders from the dispatcher (located at large settlement 5 to 200 miles away) governing the movement of passing trains. When the operator and equipment are not busy with railway business ... local people or travellers can have the operator send and receive personal, commercial, or official information for them ... for a fee, of course.
Unlike some European railway telegraph equipment, this equipment requires the operator to be proficient in receiving Morse code by ear and he must be capable of sending with accuracy and speed. The equipment is cheap enough that spares are available in quantity. Replacing equipment is done quickly and easily ... by loosening or tightening the thumb screws which secure the conducting wires.
That was the All-Canadian, Canadian Pacific Railway in 1887 - shortly after it was completed.
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Three decades earlier in eastern Canada ...
Cover, Grand Trunk Railway Rules of the Telegraph Department
The glosses for each rule are italicized and I am reproducing most of the wide variety of text styles used for emphasis.
REPORTING TRAINS
[GRAND TRUNK TELEGRAPH RULES]
Reports to be furnished by station-masters.
24. Reports of the departure of trains must be written out in full, and signed by the Station-master, the original copy to be kept in the custody of the Operator.
Up trains.
25. When an up-train is to be reported, the Operator will TWICE call "U.X." THREE TIMES, signing BOTH times, and then proceed with the report.
Down trains.
26. For down trains, the call "D.X." is to be used instead of "U.X.", in the same manner.
Reports of trains.
27. When the calls "D.X." or "U.X." are heard on the line, each Operator will take the report that follows, and deliver it to the Station-master without fail. At head quarters the Operator will deliver it to the Superintendent of the road.
Night reports of trains.
28. Reports of trains must be sent as quickly as possible after receipt, and during the night must be answered by all the NIGHT OPERATORS by "O.K." and signature.
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Discussion ...
Someone recently referring to 'correct historical dialogue' in a movie said that NO ONE said 'O.K.' in conversation until after World War 2. ... But ... every town had a telegraph operator and many teenage boys of the time either aspired to become locomotive engineers or hung around the local station learning Morse.
As you can see from the 1867 map below, by the time of Canadian Confederation the Grand Trunk Railway ran from Riviere du Loup, Quebec and Portland, Maine in the east ... through Montreal ... to Buffalo, New York ... to Goderich, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan in the west, with its goal being Chicago. It also had steamers from Sarnia to Chicago.
In Britain, 'up trains' often referred to those travelling TO LONDON. The Grand Trunk was a British corporation with its president in London, England and they hadn't yet adopted the North American 'rulebook standard' of either east-west OR north-south for every single line. I have discovered that travelling south-east to Portland on the Atlantic was 'DOWN' in 1857 ... so who knows whether UP/DOWN was standardized over the entire system or by individual division.
Long before national time zones, the railway in 1868 had its schedule times 'standardized' as being one of the local solar times of the following cities: Portland, Montreal, Toronto, or Chicago. Montreal (Canadian headquarters) time applied to eastern Canadian lines as far west as Toronto.
This public directory map purposely shows the Grand Trunk Empire well beyond Canada's borders as this multinational corporation was designed to pay significant regular dividends to its British investors by drawing as much eastern North American traffic as it could.
Map Grand Trunk Railway system 1867
The Grand Trunk Railway in 1867 ... before asphalt, electricity, and the Canadian Pacific Railway.
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SIGNALS
[GRAND TRUNK TELEGRAPH RULES]
Signal "23".
29. The signal "23" intimates that a message for ALL the stations is to follow.
General call X.
30 When a circular or "23" message is to be sent, "X" will be used as a GENERAL CALL, and all the offices are to answer to it, commencing with the most distant. The same order must be observed in acknowledging the message by "O.K." and signing.
Circulars to be filed.
31. All circulars and "23" communications must be carefully filed, and kept in the office for reference.
Signal "17"
32. The signal "17" called by an office, signifies a communication requiring GREAT HASTE and of the UTMOST importance. When used ALL other offices must CEASE WORKING, and close circuit until the communication is sent and ACKNOWLEDGED.
Signal "17" to be used only in emergencies.
33. Operators are forbidden to make use of signal "17" excepting for the purpose of stopping or dispatching a train - preventing an accident, or for some other object of undoubted importance.
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Discussion ...
As you are no doubt inferring, the railway telegraph is a big 'party line'. (For younger readers ... back in the olden days {1950s, etc.} before modern digital telephone switching and private lines ... multiple telephones were wired to the same circuit ... and different bell 'rings' were used to alert an individual subscriber that a call was for them. Once the phone was answered, any busybody wired on the same party line could quietly lift their telephone receiver and listen in to the conversation. So telephone party lines could be like involuntary conference calls if the others wanted to eavesdrop.)
Telephone 'party lines' existed because it was the cheapest way for most people to get phone service. Railway station telegraphs all wired on the same circuit was also the cheapest way to wire up telegraphs.
However, in addition ... on the railway ... the 'railway party line' provided an early version of the e-mail 'mailing list' and ensured all telegraph operators had the ability to overhear and correct mistakes made by other operators which might have caused accidents.
Generally 'office signals' were telegraphed to call a particular station(s) on the 'party line' for a message specific to them.
Examples circa 1960 :
- Montreal Central Station = KN
- Montreal Yard = MY
- Garneau Yard = JU
- Joffre = JF
- St. Hyacinthe = SY
In 1855 two particular numbers 17 and 23 indicated special messages ...
- Hearing the sound of one meant URGENT PRIORITY ... 17
- Hearing the other meant MESSAGE@ALL ... 23
The Grand Trunk listed 33 of these two-numeral codes in their 1855 telegraph rulebook to 'save bandwidth' and avoid misunderstandings for common messages.
Other examples ...
- 1 = Wait a moment.
- 2 = What time is it?
- 6 = I am ready - proceed.
- 21 = I am going out to deliver a message.
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Montreal harbour and Victoria Bridge construction 1859
To give you an idea of Canadian technology in Canada's largest city then ...
Here is the Montreal Harbour in 1859 as the Victoria Bridge of the Grand Trunk Railway is being completed to the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. Until this time, the only way across the St. Lawrence was by ferry ... or on the ice. In the harbour is one large steam-powered ship and a few small paddle-wheelers ... and everything else is sail and horse power.
In 1867, a Grand Trunk express train could get you from Montreal to Toronto (333 miles) in 18 hours. The 515 miles from Toronto to Chicago would be covered in 22 hours ... after changing to the Michigan Central at Detroit.
* * *
MAIN BATTERIES
[GRAND TRUNK TELEGRAPH RULES]
Batteries
34. Main Batteries must be kept constantly clean and bright. The holes in the leaders must be kept always clean, as also the ends of the wires which enter them.
Battery supplies.
35. Battery supplies will be furnished on application to the Superintendent. Operators in charge of stations must see that great care is exercised in the use of these supplies, (particularly mercury, nitric acid, and platina) and that there is always a sufficient quantity on hand.
Night batteries.
36. Where GROVE'S batteries are used, and kept on night and day, they must be carefully cleaned once a-day, at an hour when they may be most conveniently spared.
Main batteries on Sundays.
57. Main batteries must be kept on during Sundays, although on that day the line will be closed, excepting in cases of emergency.
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Discussion ...
So now we are getting into North American railway telegraph technology ...
Remember (on the post 'Telegraph, Part 1') that in 1837 Steinheil in Germany had accidentally invented the 'earth return' or 'ground return' when he was trying to use two railway rails to act as his telegraph circuit ? ... This was significant because it meant getting a telegraph signal from point X to point Y only required one wire as long as both ends of that wire were grounded to earth.
Using a water metaphor is more intuitive when explaining electricity ... but it only goes so far ...
If B was a water pump - instead of a battery - and 'X to Y' was a water pipe placed into the ocean on both (ground) ends ... water could easily be pumped from X to Y and the ocean would restore its normal level between Y and X ... But we wouldn't expect the particular water molecules which had been pumped X to Y to migrate back 'home'.
So messages move along our single telegraph wire by battery power (pressure or 'potential') in the line ... as long as the line is properly insulated against current loss all along the way ... and as long as the battery is strong enough to send the current (potential) as far as we want it to go.
But ... a gutless water pump and a leaky water pipe couldn't move much water from X to Y.
Sketch of main telegraph circuit
As railways generally operate between large terminals (e.g. Montreal and Toronto) with smaller stations along the route (e.g. Cornwall, Prescott Junction, Kingston, Cobourg) ... the local stations had simple local systems (as seen in the CPR station photo at the top of this page) and left the literally 'high-powered technology' for the main terminals.
More about this and pumping messages 'backwards' Y to X in Telegraph 4 ...
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Hardware of the times ...
Birkenhead locomotive Great Western Railway
Being a British company, the Grand Trunk Railway began with 56 locomotives built at Birkenhead, England from 1854 to 1858. This firm also built 4 of the same type for the Great Western Railway of Canada (shown) which was later absorbed by the Grand Trunk.
By 1860, these wood-burning locomotives were rebuilt to meet the demands of Canadian service as much as possible. In particular, this photo (circa 1870) shows the addition of two more pilot wheels (total 4) to reduce derailments on the rougher North American track. After starting up, the Grand Trunk wisely curtailed its un-American activities and purchased Canadian and American locomotives.
John Roebling's suspension bridge, Niagara Falls
John Augustus Roebling (1806-1869) was a German-born bridge engineer. He eventually came to America because he wanted to follow his dream to build suspension bridges. The Prussians, for whom he had been working, didn't need no steenkin' suspension bridges. So in America he eventually had the chance to build the longest railway bridge in the world (at that time) and the world's first railway suspension bridge - over the Niagara Gorge.
For safety, he wanted to keep horses away from iron horses. So pedestrians, carriages and wagons had a separate deck below the railway level and it was enclosed so horses could not panic and hop over the side. The supporting trusses of the lower level also gave the bridge extra rigidity to better support railway traffic. Railway suspension bridges are not common and you can imagine why. Roebling also concluded that 2 large cables supporting each level would provide more stability that many smaller cables. So the bridge has just 4 main cables supporting it.
Construction began on the bridge in 1851, and the bridge opened in March 1855 and was used for another 40 years. Trains crossed at about 5 mph ... so it must have taken about 10 minutes for a train to get across - giving passengers a good long look out ... and down.
Groups of people crossing (e.g. military) were prohibited from marching in step. Bands could not play as they crossed the bridge unless they rode in a wagon. No more than 60 cattle were allowed on the bridge at any one time ... divided into groups of 20 ... each with its own drover to keep them from charging off if a locomotive ran over head.
At least we can still marvel that they built such a thing back in the 1850s.
Because of Canadian government subsidy and bond guarantee legislation, the Great Western ... like the Grand Trunk ... originally operated with a 5 foot 6 inch gauge. Two other railways used the bridge as well ... the New York Central with today's standard gauge of 4 feet 8 1/2 inches ... and the Canandaigua & Niagara Falls with a 6 foot gauge.
Four rails were necessary on the railway deck to handle the traffic from these railways. In the photo below, three of the rails have recently been used - broad-gauge locomotives sometimes pulled standard gauge cars. This made things interesting for the switchmen when the time came. You can see the four main cables coming down from the support towers. It was in this era that the first telegraphs were used.
John Roebling's suspension bridge at Niagara Falls